Power Transmission, Power Distribution and Power Generation Training
Power Plant Operation & Power Plant Maintenance
With a library of over 300 courses to choose from, this power generation training curriculum is aimed at all personnel who are involved in plant maintenance including operators, maintenance technicians, craftsmen and management. These courses present techniques used in modern plants to measure on an ongoing basis, the rate of deterioration of equipment, analysis and interpretation of such information, and the resultant implementation of predictive maintenance
This site covers the classes associated with POWER GENERATION Training. This series will cover various aspects of power generation technology. Topics include combined cycle technologies, electrical fundamentals, hydro-electric power plant operation and power plant maintenance, steam power & co-generation, and power plant control room operator training.
OnlineSchoolRoom/360Training courses are totally interactive using "Flash" featuring interactive characters and full audio. There is no waiting on slow, read-only pages. Student may log in and out of the course at will from any computer with appropriate capability. Student may take a portion of the course, bookmark it and resume the class later.
Since 1971, 360training/Online SchoolRoom has provided technical skills training to the electric power industry around the globe with our power plant maintenance and power plant operation courses. Over 1300 programs in 39 competency areas of transmission, distribution and generation are offered in multiple languages and mediums to improve your plant operations, profitability and productivity. Our courses have received recognition from the North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC).
We've helped most of the world's best-known power and energy organizations maximize their efficiencies and enhance their training performance including PacifiCorp, Southern Company, Sierra Pacific, Tennessee Valley Authority, FirstEnergy Corporation, Florida Power & Light, Orion Power, Duke Energy, MidAmerican Energy, Energy Corporation and Puget Sound Energy
Sample Power Plant Operation & Power Plant Maintenance Course Descriptions
Gas Turbine Series
The objective of this power plant operation course, the first in the GAS TURBINE series, is to present the main construction and design features of gas turbines as used for power generation. Basic cycles are discussed, and different sizes and machine layouts are presented. After completion of this course, the participant will be able to understand the following concepts and apply them to his day to day work activities.
• The gas-turbine cycle
• Conversion of heat to mechanical energy
• Typical values of temperature and pressure "through cycle"
• Single shaft and two shaft arrangements
• Exhaust heat recovery
• The basic combined cycle
• Axial flow and centrifugal flow compressors
• Effect of pressure ratio on efficiency
• Potential for compressor stall at start-up
• Variable inlet guide vanes
• Combustor arrangements
• Combustion air, and secondary air
• Factors affecting air temperature rise through the combustion section
• Control of gas turbine output
• Combustion igniters, and flame detectors
• Water and steam injection
• Distribution of turbine energy; to compressor, generator, auxiliaries, and stack
• Gas turbine efficiency
• Regenerative heat exchangers
• Turbine reheat cycle
• Significance of gas temperature at turbine inlet
• Turbine blade cooling
• Turbine stage seals
• Turbine rotor assembly and stator assembly
• Exhaust frame arrangements
• Gas-turbine starting arrangements
• Accessory gear box drive to auxiliaries
The objective of this power plant operation course is to present and discuss features of the various support systems and auxiliaries that are necessary for operation of the gas turbine. Both ON-BASE and OFF-BASE equipment is studied. Note, that the design of the support systems varies according to the size and purpose of the gas turbine unit. Aeroderivative machines are discussed in a separate course. Upon completion of this course, the participant should understand and be able to apply the following concepts:
• Bearing layout, journal and thrust
• Typical lubricating oil system
• Oil pumps: main, auxiliary, emergency DC
• Oil coolers, heater, strainers and filters
• Oil temperature and pressure control
• Trip (control) oil system
• Hydraulic oil system
• Air inlet system, filtration, guide vanes
• Compressed air extraction system
• Air cooling systems, bearing seals
• Atomizing air and purge air system
• Air bleed to prevent stall
• Typical fuels used in gas turbines
• Liquid fuel storage and transfer system
• Fuel pumping and heating
• Fuel strainers and filters
• On-base liquid fuel system
• Control and shut-off valves
• False start drains
• Gas fuel handling system
• On-base gas fuel system
• Dual-fuel firing system
• Significance of NOX, SOX, CO, and particulates
• NOX control systems, Low-NOX burners, SCR
• Cooling systems
• Generator cooling, air and hydrogen cooling systems
• Gas Turbine compartment cooling by air
• CO2 fire protection system
Sample Power Plant Operation & Power Plant Maintenance Training Course Descriptions
Hydro Electric Series
The objective of this power plant operation course, the first in the Hydro-Electric Power Series, is to give hydro power plant operators and technicians an understanding of the role of hydro-electric power in the overall power system. The characteristics of different types of hydro plants are briefly discussed in relation to their effect on power system operation. An overview of the power system is presented plus a review of the tasks and responsibilities of the power dispatcher and power system operators. Upon completion of this course, you should have an overall understanding of the following concepts: • The characteristics of different types of hydro-electric plant:
o Low head, run-of-the river plant
o Intermediate head with storage reservoir
o High head plant
o Pumped storage
• Advantage of interties to neighboring power systems
• The power generation mix
• Characteristics of different types of power generation including fossil, combustion turbines, and nuclear
• Advantages of hydro power generation
• The purpose of the transmission system
• Advantages of the integrated power system generating stations to distribution systems
• The purpose of the distribution system, i.e. to deliver power to all of the individual consumers at the appropriate voltage
• Comparison of overhead transmission with underground cable
• Specific applications where transmission by high voltage DC is advantageous
• Review of equipment installed in typical switching stations, transformer stations, and substations
• The daily load curve and seasonal load curve
• The need to have sufficient generating capacity on line at all times of the day to equal the daily load forecast, plus an allowance for fluctuation, plus an allowance for spinning reserve
• Economic load dispatch
• Constraints on economic loading
• Prevention of system overload (low frequency)
• The application of the AGC system to control frequency and interchange
• Methods of controlling voltage at different points in the system
• The hydro generator as a synchronous condenser
• Power system security
Sample Power Plant Operation & Power Plant Maintenance Training Course Descriptions
Steam Turbine Series
The objective of this power plant operation module is to present the major features of boiler operation. Start-up, shutdown, and on-load conditions are dealt with, including a discussion on potential hazards and boiler protection devices.
After completion of this module, the participant should be able to understand the following concepts and apply them in day-to-day work activities.
• Start-up procedure.
• Factors controlling pressure raising.
• Operation of drains and vents.
• Shutdown procedure.
• Standby condition.
• On-load operation.
• Steam pressure and temperature control.
• Efficient combustion control.
• Monitoring O2, CO and excess air.
• Effects of sulfur in fuel.
• Combating low temperature corrosion.
• Ash related problems, slagging.
• Sootblowers.
• High temperature vanadium corrosion.
• Typical monitoring points on the boiler.
• Operator’s interface.
• Boiler operating hazards.
• Protection equipment, alarms and trips.
Sample Power Plant Operation & Power Plant Maintenance Course Descriptions
Heat Rate Optimization Series
The objective of this videotape is to present the basic power plant cycle and the energy conversions that take place throughout the cycle. The effect that various parameters have on the cycle efficiency are also discussed.
Upon completion of this videotape and the workbook exercises, the operator should be able to understand:
• Where energy is lost and gained in the power plant cycle.
• The use of enthalpy as a measure of energy.
• The meaning of steam quality (wetness) at the turbine exhaust.
• How to convert units of heat energy into units of electrical energy.
• How to determine turbine cycle efficiency.
• The effect of changing main steam temperature on turbine cycle efficiency.
• The effect of changing condenser back pressure on turbine cycle efficiency.
• How to determine boiler efficiency.
• How boiler efficiency and turbine cycle efficiency can be used to determine overall plant efficiency.
• The difference between gross plant heat rate and net plant heat rate.
• What factors determine boiler efficiency.
• The effect of changing main steam pressure on turbine cycle efficiency.
Sample Power Plant Operation & Power Plant Maintenance Course Descriptions
Combined Cycle Procedures
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
The objective of this module is to review the main features of combined cycle power plants, including major components, auxiliary systems and variations in plant configuration.
After completion of this module, the participant will be able to understand the following concepts, and apply them in day-to-day work activities.
•The construction and function of major components.
•The simple cycle industrial gas turbine.
•The aero derivative gas turbine.
•The front end mounted generator.
•Heat recovery.
•Production of steam in the HRSG.
•Steam supply for co-generation.
•Steam turbine cycle.
•Function of the steam turbine condenser
•Relation between steam turbine power output and gas turbine power output in combined cycle.
•The two two-one configuration, i.e. two gas turbines feeding one steam turbine.
•Combined cycle efficiency compared with fossil fired condensing steam turbine cycle efficiency.
•Advantages of the combined cycle.
•Typical auxiliary systems required to support the major components.
•Typical gas turbine auxiliary systems.
•Typical generator auxiliary systems.
•Control of gaseous emissions to meet environmental standards.
•Monitoring and control systems.
•Steam turbine generator auxiliary systems.
•HRSG auxiliary systems.
•Features of supplementary firing.
•Objectives and responsibilities of the operating team.
•Plant safety.
•Plant maintenance.
The objective of this module is to draw attention to the need for establishing operating procedures for major equipment and auxiliary systems.Examples of operating procedures are examined, in particular those related to start-up of a typical gas turbine, HRSG and steam turbine, first in isolation and then in concert as a combined cycle unit.
After completion of this module, the participant will be able to understand the following concepts and apply them in day-to-day work activities:
• The objective of operating procedures.
• Preparation of operating procedures.
• Knowledge gained by operating personnel during preparation of operating procedures.
• Power plant general service systems.
• Procedure for priming piping systems and vessels.
• Effect of air in a fluid system.
• Procedure for priming a feedwater pump.
• Operation vents and drains on piping systems.
• Operation of steam piping systems.
• Dealing with piping expansion and condensation of steam in pipe work.
• Procedure for charging a steam pipeline.
• Control of pressure and temperature rise in piping systems.
• Generic procedure for start-up of a simple cycle gas turbine.
• Pre-start inspection.
• Gas turbine support systems.
• Start-up cranking system.
• Typical start-up curve.
• The need for purging.
• Factors affecting ignition and consequence of flame-out.
• Turbine warm-up.
• The significance of self-sustaining speed.
• Pre-synchronizing operations.
• Conditions required for synchronizing.
• Gas turbine minimum load.
• Generic procedure for a steam turbine generator start-up.
• Pre-start inspection.
• Steam turbine auxiliary systems.
• Starting up the circulating water system and priming the condenser.
• Pulling vacuum.
• Function of the turbine stop valve internal bypass.
• Partial arc steam admission to the turbine.
• Full arc steam admission to the turbine.
• Raising speed-start-up curve.
• Hot and cold start-up requirements.
• Condensate recirculation.
• Turbine supervisory monitoring.
• Expansion of turbine components with steam temperature and loading.
• The need for matching temperatures before admitting steam to the turbine.
• Turbine subsystem procedures.
• Generic procedures for start-up of a single pressure natural circulation HRSG.
• Control of heat input to the HRSG.
• Effect of gas turbine output on exhaust gas temperature.
• Function of the HRSG gas bypass.
• Function of the steam dump to the condenser via the steam bypass valve.
• HRSG water level control including the effects of shrink and swell.
• Coordination of the operation of major components during a combined cycle start-up.
NERC Certification
The System Operator Certification Program provides the framework for the examinations used to obtain initial certification in one of four NERC credentials: Transmission Operator, Balancing and Interchange Operator, Balancing, Interchange and Transmission Operator, and Reliability Operator. A system operator credential is a personal credential issued to a person for successfully passing a NERC system operator certification exam. The credential is maintained by accumulating a specified number of continuing education hours within a specified period of time. The program will allow system operators to maintain their credential through continuing education rather than to recertify by retaking an examination
Power Transmission, Distribution, and Generation Training
With a library of over 300 courses to choose from, this curriculum is aimed at all personnel who are involved in plant maintenance including operators, maintenance technicians, craftsmen and management. These courses present techniques used in modern plants to measure on an ongoing basis, the rate of deterioration of equipment, analysis and interpretation of such information, and the resultant implementation of predictive maintenance
NERC Continuing Education
Online SchoolRoom360training offers over 300 NERC approved continuing education hours (CEH) that will assist your organization and personnel with the necessary knowledge to ensure emergency preparedness levels remain high. Included in the 300 CEH hours we offer over 34 hours in NERC Standards training
Other Sources:
NERC Power Generation Electric Utility Technical Training Classes Online including gas turbine, hydro-electric, and steam power
Electric Power and Power generation training
America – and much of the world -- is becoming increasingly electrified. Today, more than half of the electricity generated in the United States comes from coal. For the foreseeable future, coal will continue to be the dominant fuel used for electric power production. The low cost and abundance of coal is one of the primary reasons why consumers in the United States benefit from some of the lowest electricity rates of any free-market economy.
The Department’s Office of Fossil Energy is working on ways to keep coal in America’s electricity future. The key challenge is to remove the environmental objections to the use of coal in tomorrow’s power plants. New technologies being developed in the Fossil Energy program could virtually eliminate the sulfur, nitrogen, and mercury pollutants released when coal is burned. It may also be possible to capture greenhouse gases emitted from coal-fired power plants and prevent them from contributing to global warming concerns.
Research is also underway to increase the fuel efficiency of coal-fueled power plants. Today’s plants convert only a third of coal’s energy potential to electricity. New technologies in Energy’s Fossil Energy program could nearly double efficiency levels in the next 10-15 years. Higher efficiencies mean even more affordable electricity and fewer greenhouse gases.
While coal is the nation’s major fuel for electric power, natural gas is the fastest growing fuel. More than 90 percent of the power plants to be built in the next 20 years will likely be fueled by natural gas. Natural gas is also likely to be a primary fuel for distributed power generators – mini-power plants that would be sited close to where the electricity is needed.
Energy’s Fossil Energy program is developing natural gas-powered fuel cells for future distributed generation applications. Fuel cells use hydrogen that can be extracted from natural gas or perhaps in the future from biomass or coal.
Energy’s Office of Nuclear Energy sponsors R&D programs aimed at maintaining the operating capability of the nation’s existing nuclear power plants and developing the next generation of nuclear technologies. Nuclear energy is our nation's largest source of emission-free electricity. The 103 U.S. nuclear units supply about 20 percent of the electricity produced in the United States – second only to coal as a fuel source. The Nuclear Energy program is working to develop cost-efficient technologies that further enhance nuclear safety, minimize the generation of nuclear waste, and further reduce the risk of proliferation.
The United States’ electricity infrastructure is one of the greatest engineering marvels of the 20th century. However, to meet the rising electric power demand of the 21st century, significant improvements in America’s electric system are necessary. Blackouts serve as a powerful reminder of the critical role electricity plays in the everyday lives of people. The mission of the Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability is to lead national effort to modernize the electric grid, enhance security and reliability of the energy infrastructure, and facilitate recovery from disruptions to the energy supply.
In addition, the Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability seeks to develop new technologies for the storage of energy and the transmission of energy that will contribute to energy efficiency of the electric industry. For instance, the copper wires used in typical transmission lines lose a percentage of the electricity passing through them because of resistance, which causes the wires to heat up. But "superconducting" materials have no resistance, and if they are used to transmit electricity in the future, very little of the electricity will be lost.
For statistical information relating to electricity it produces, visit the Energy Information Administration.
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Power plant operation, Power plant maintenance, power plant operator, power generation